Liquid Jets Violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics

[Pentcho Valev]

Liquid jets (powered by what energy?) that can do mechanical work, e.g. by rotating a waterwheel:

"Is electrospray emission really due to columbic forces?...Columbic forces cannot play a major role in jet formation, even in cases where the liquid consists of a solution of ionic species." https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4894800

Of course. It is obvious that the jet cannot be powered by electric energy:

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRhfCwkzGWsBSGpqOVVaNEaPdRbdQPZxfghmA&usqp=CAU

Then the jet is powered by ambient heat, in violation of the second law of thermodynamics.

Pentcho Valev https://twitter.com/pentcho_valev

[Pentcho Valev]

"Electrospray shows strong analogy with another phenomenon, originally addressed as water bridge: an intense electric field can coax water into leaping a tenths of millimeters gap between two glass beakers, forming a floating bridge." https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4894800

Essentially the same phenomenon. In an electric field, vigorous motion occurs, able to do mechanical work at the expense of ambient heat, in violation of the second law of thermodynamics:

Pentcho Valev https://twitter.com/pentcho_valev

[Pentcho Valev]

In an electric field, any liquid not carrying an electric current develops a specific bulk pressure powered by thermal motion, like gas pressure:

"However, in experiments in which a capacitor is submerged in a dielectric liquid the force per unit area exerted by one plate on another is observed to decrease...This apparent paradox can be explained by taking into account the DIFFERENCE IN LIQUID PRESSURE in the field filled space between the plates and the field free region outside the capacitor." http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/jk1/lectures/node46.html

Tai Chow, Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory: A Modern Perspective, p. 267: "The strictly electric forces between charges on the conductors are not influenced by the presence of the dielectric medium. The medium is polarized, however, and the interaction of the electric field with the polarized medium results in an INCREASED FLUID PRESSURE ON THE CONDUCTORS that reduces the net forces acting on them." http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-To-Electromagnetic-Theory-Perspective/dp/0763738271

Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, Melba Phillips, Classical Electricity and Magnetism, pp.115-116: "Thus the decrease in force that is experienced between two charges when they are immersed in a dielectric liquid can be understood only by considering the effect of the PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID ON THE CHARGES themselves." http://www.amazon.com/Classical-Electricity-Magnetism-Second-Physics/dp/0486439240?tag=viglink21401-20

The specific bulk pressure is able to generate vigorous jets and flows that can do mechanical work (e.g. by rotating waterwheels), at the expense of ambient heat and in violation of the second law of thermodynamics.

Pentcho Valev https://twitter.com/pentcho_valev